LOCAL NEWS SOURCES IN THE IRAQI NEWSPAPERS
Local news sources in the Iraqi newspapers (An analytical study of local news sources In the newspaper Al-Zaman for the period from 1/6/2006 to 06/30/2006)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33282/abaa.v1i3.461Keywords:
Local news, Iraqi newspapers, Al-Zaman NewspaperAbstract
Local news is an important topic of the press because of its importance to readers. It touches their daily life in one way or another, which makes them interested in and followers of them. Hence the importance of local news, as it interests a wide segment of readers.
There are many sources of newspapers for obtaining local news, as these sources are distributed to the newspaper's own sources and external sources.
Self-sources are the newspaper's own sources, through which it is possible to obtain this news, such as the representatives of the newspaper and its correspondents and the journalists working in it. This is the example in this way.
The external sources are distributed to local and international news agencies and satellite television terrestrial and satellite radio stations, newspapers and Alcilat.ovi this case, the newspaper does not make any effort distinguishes it from the rest of the media to get this news and me that she gets her ready from these sources. In our estimation, the more the newspaper is more dependent on its own sources for obtaining local news, the more successful and professional it is in the work of journalism and the disbelief of the work. Its uniqueness in obtaining this news is a reflection of the newspaper's personality. This research is concerned with the local study of news sources in Iraqi newspapers by studying a specimen of her newspaper time for the purpose of the most important sources of knowledge adopted by the newspaper to get local news and whichever is more dependent self sources for a newspaper or Alforeigh.vdilaً sources for the study of local news in general and its importance For newspapers.
References
-1 ﺩ. ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻏﺭﺍﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ،ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻤﻁﺎﺒـﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ،١٩٧٧ ،ﺹ١٩.
-2 ﺩ.ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ، ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺌل،١٩٧٧ ، ﺹ ٤٧.
-3 ﺩ. ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻙ ، ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺃﺴﺴﻪ ﻭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ،١٩٩٢ ،ﺹ٤١.
-4 ﺩ. ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ، ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ،ﺠﺩﺓ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ،١٩٨١ ، ﺹ١٧.
-5 ﺴﺘﻴﻔﻥ ﺃﻴﻨﺯ ﻻﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ، ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ.ﺸﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺎﺭﻉ ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﻴﺭ ، ١٩٩٩ ،ﺹ٥٠.
-6 ﺩ.ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﻡ ,ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ, ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ,١٩٧٧, ﺹ ١٩٠.
-7 ﺩ. ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ، ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ٨٥.
F.W Hodgson,Modren news paper , Second editon practice , N.P Henamann professional publishing , 1989 , page 9
-9 ﺠﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻤﺼﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ، ١٩٦٣ ،ﺹ٩٦ .
-10 ﻫﻴﺭﺒﺭﺕ ﺴﺘﺭﻨﺯ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺴل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺒﺎﺭ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺴﻴﻑ ، ﻁ٢، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،١٩٨٩ ،ﺹ١٢٥.
-11 ﺩ. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﻡ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ١٣٤ .
-12 ﺩ. ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ، ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ ٨٥ .
-13 ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ، ﺹ٨٥ .
-14 ﺩ.ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻑ ﺤﻤﺯﺓ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ، ﻁ٤ ،ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ،ﺹ٩٩.
-15 ﺩ. ﺨﻠﻴل ﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ، ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﻓﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ، ﺹ ١٧١ .
-16 ﺩ. ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ ١٧٠ .
-17 ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ، ﺹ ١٧٢ .
-18 ﻜﺎﺭل ﻭﺍﺭﻴﻥ ، ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺼﺤﻔﻴﺎﹰ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺴﺭﺍﻴﺎ ، ﺒﻼ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ، ﺹ١٢ .
-19 ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺩ ﺒﻭﺘﺭ ، ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻑ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻏﻨﻴﻡ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،١٩٦٦ ، ﺹ١٢.
-20 ﺩ. ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ، ١٩٦٤ ، ﺹ١٧٠ .
-21 ﺩ. ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ ١٧٣ .
-22 ﺩ. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﻡ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ ٢٢٢.
-23 ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ، ﺹ٧٥ .
-24 ﺩ. ﺨﻠﻴل ﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ، ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ١٨٢ .
-25 ﺩ. ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ، ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ١٧٦ .
(*) ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻊ ﺩ. ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻥ (ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺒـﻐﺩﺍﺩ) ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘـﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒـﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ١/٨/٢٠٠٦ .
ﺃﻭﻻﹰ : ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
-1 ﺃﺒﻭ ﺯﻴﺩ ، ﺩ.ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ، ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ، ﺠﺩﺓ، ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ، ١٩٨١ .
-2 ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻤﺼﻲ ،ﺠﻼل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،١٩٦٣ .
-3 ﺍﻟﻐﻨﺎﻡ ، ﺩ. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ,ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ , ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ,١٩٧٧ .
-4 ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻭﻱ ، ﺩ. ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻙ ، ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ، ﺃﺴﺴﻪ ﻭﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ، ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﺔ ، ١٩٩٢.
-5 ﺤﻤﺯﺓ ﺩ. ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻁﻴﻑ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ، ﻁ٤ ، ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ .
-6 ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ، ﺩ. ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ، ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺌل، ١٩٩٧.
-7 ﻏﺭﺍﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ،ﺩ. ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ،ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ، ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ، ١٩٧٧ .
-8 ﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ، ﺩ. ﺨﻠﻴل ، ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﻓﻥ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ، ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ .
-9 ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ، ﺩ. ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ، ﺍﻟﻔﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ، ١٩٦٤.
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ : ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ
-1 ﺍﻴﻨﺯ ﻻﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ، ﺴﺘﻴﻔﻥ ،ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺩ. ﺸﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﺎﺭﻉ ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﻴﺭ ،١٩٩٩.
-2 ﺒﻭﺘﺭ ،ﺩﺍﻓﻴﺩ ، ﻤﺨﺒﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻑ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻏﻨﻴﻡ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ، ١٩٦٦.
-3 ﺴﺘﺭﻨﺯ ،ﻫﻴﺭﺒﺭﺕ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺴل ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻔﻲ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﺒﺎﺭ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺴﻤﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺴـﻴﻑ ، ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸـﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،١٩٨٩ .
-4 ﻭﺍﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻜﺎﺭل ، ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺼﺤﻔﻴﺎﹰ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﺴﺭﺍﻴﺎ ، ﺒﻼ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ .
ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ : ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻻﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ
ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎﹰ : ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ
ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻥ (ﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺒـﻐﺩﺍﺩ) ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺘﺄﺭﻴﺦ ١/٨/٢٠٠٦.
-1D. Fawzi Gharaibeh and others, Methods of Scientific Research in Social and Human Sciences, Amman, Royal Society Press, 1977, p. 19.
- Dr. Muhammad Obaidat and others, Methodology of Scientific Research, Amman, Dar Wael, 1977, p. 47.
-3 d. Muhammad Al-Sawy Muhammad Mubarrak, Scientific Research Founded and Written Method, Cairo, Academic Library, 1992, p. 41.
-d. Faruq Abu Zaid, The Art of Journalism, Jeddah, Science Library, 1981, p. 17.
- Stephen Ains Lapier et al., The Media Game, translated by Dr. Shehda Farea, Amman, Dar Al-Bashir, 1999, p. 50.
- Dr. Abdel-Aziz Al-Ghannam, Introduction to the World of Press, The Anglo Egyptian Library, 1977, p. 190.
-d. Faruq Abu Zayd, op. Cit., P. 85.
F.W Hodgson, Modren news paper, Second editon practice, N.P Henamann professional publishing, 1989, page 9
- Jalal Al-Din Al-Homsi, Press Representative, Cairo, Dar Al-Maaref, 1963, p. 96.
- Herbert Stearns, Correspondent and News Source, translation by Samira Abu Saif, T2, Cairo, The International Publishing and Distribution House, 1989, p. 125.
-d. Abdul-Aziz Al-Ghannam, previous source, p. 134.
-12 d. Faruq Abu Zayd, op. Cit., P. 85.
- The same source, p. 85.
- Dr. Abd al-Latif Hamza, an editor in the art of journalistic editing, Cairo, Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, p. 4, without date, p. 99.
-15 d. Khalil Sabat, Al-Sahafa Message, Preparation, Art and Science, Cairo, Dar Al-Maaref, No History, p. 171.
-d. Faruq Abu Zayd, op. Cit., P. 170.
The same source, p. 172.
- Karl Warren, How to Become a Journalist, Abdul Hamid Saraya translation, No Publishing House, No History, p. 12.
- David Potter, newspaper informants, translation of Mohamed Mostafa Ghanem, Cairo, Dar Al Fikr Al Arabi, 1966, p. 12.
-20 d. Mahmoud Fahmy, Press Art in the World, Cairo, Dar al-Maaref, 1964, p. 170.
-21 d. Faruq Abu Zayd, previous source, p. 173.
-d. Abdul-Aziz Al-Ghannam, Previous Source, p. 222.
Ibid, p. 75.
-24 d. Khalil Sabat, previous source, p. 182.
-25 d. Faruq Abu Zayd, op. Cit., P. 176.
(*) Interview conducted by the researcher with Dr. Ahmed Abdul-Majid Editor-in-chief of Al-Zaman newspaper (Baghdad edition) at Al-Jarida headquarters in Baghdad on 1/8/2006.
Sources
First: Arabic books
- Abu Zaid, Dr. Farouk, The Art of Journalism, Jeddah, Science Library, 1981.
- Al-Homsi, Jalal Al-Din, Press Delegate, Cairo, Dar Al-Maaref, 1963.
- Al-Ghannam, d. Abdel-Aziz, Introduction to the World of Journalism, Anglo-Egyptian Library, 1977.
- Al-Sawy, d. Muhammad Mubarak, Scientific Research, Its Basis and Method of Writing, Al-Fahira, Academic Library, 1992.
- Hamza d. Abdul-Latif, entry to the art of journalistic editing, Cairo, Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, p4, without date.
- Obaidat and others, d. Muhammad, Methodology of Scientific Research, Amman, Dar Wael, 1997.
- Exotic and others, d. Fawzi, Scientific Research Methods in Social and Human Sciences, Amman, Royal Society Press, 1977.
- Girls, d. Khalil, Al-Sahafa, Letter, Preparedness and Art, Cairo, Dar Al-Maaref, No History.
- My understanding, d. Mahmoud, The World's Press Art, Cairo, Dar Al-Maaref, 1964.
Second: translated books
- Enns Lapper et al., Stephen, the media game, translated by Dr. Shehada Farea, Amman, Dar Al-Bashir, 1999.
- Potter, David, Journalists, Translated by Muhammad Mustafa Ghanim, Cairo, Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, 1966.
- Stearns, Herbert, reporter and news sources, translation by Samira Abu Seif, Cairo, International House for Publishing and Distribution, 1989.
- Warren, Carl, how to become a journalist, Abdul-Hamid Saraya translation, no publishing house, no date.
Third: Foreign books
F.W Hodgson, Modren news paper, Second editon practice, N.P Henamann professional publishing, 1989.
Fourth: Personal interviews
Personal interview conducted by the researcher with Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Majid, chief editor of the newspaper Al-Zaman (Baghdad edition) at Al-Jarida headquarters in Baghdad on 1/8/2006.
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