THE EXTENT OF EXPOSURE OF BAGHDAD UNIVERSITY
(Students To Cultural And Television Programs)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33282/abaa.v1i3.464Keywords:
Mass communication, culture, society, TV programsAbstract
Communication is one of the main elements of culture, it is the source of its formation and a factor of its development and spread. Communication is a 'dynamic' cultural process and is an integral part of the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of people. Therefore, mass communication means help in the course and movement of individuals and cultural communities. The relationship between media and culture according to this perspective is one of many key factors and influential forces that make it coherent and sometimes intertwined. It is a problematic relationship that leads to research and study in order to lay the right foundations in the orientation towards the audience.
Mass communication has many basic functions. UNESCO has approved the following functions:
- Information
- Socialization
- Creating motives
- Dialogue and debate
- Integration
- Education
- Entertainment
- Satisfy the needs of the individual and the community
- Cultural advancement
Accordingly, it is not possible to say that mass communication is an embodiment of the culture of society and an expression of the values and standards derived from this culture, which confirms the importance of those in contact with the reference cultures of society and its various segments, as well as their knowledge of the psychological composition of those segments and their knowledge of their needs of TV programs, their wishes and desires. In addition, the performance and cultural function of communication means requires those involved in this activity to master a variety of events and cultural contents at the same time, in order to be able to understand the sophisticated art and absorb the ideas and cultural aspects then submit it.
References
- ﻤﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻡ، ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ 1984، ﺹ39.
(*) ﺍﻻﺴﺎﺘﺫﺓ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ :
- ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﻅﻔﺭ ﻤﻨﺩﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﻭﻱ / ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻲ - ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ - ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ .
- ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﻜﺎﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺭﻱ / ﺍﺴـﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭﻱ - ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ - ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ
ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ .
- ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ / ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ - ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ - ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ .
- ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺸﺎﻫﻴﻥ / ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺨﺼﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ .
- ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﻁ ،ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ ، ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺒﻼ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ، ﺹ438.
- ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺯﻜﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﻱ ، ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ، ﻁ١ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ ﻭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ ، ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ، 1985، ﺹ 154
.
- ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻭﺙ ،ﺒﺤﺙ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻼﺫﺍﻋﺔ ، ﺍﺘﺤـﺎﺩ ﺍﺫﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒـﻴﺔ ،
ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، ﺹ 10.
- ﻤﻠﻔﻴﻨﺯل ﻭﺒﻔﻠﻴﺭ ﺴﺎﻨﺩﺭﺍﺒﻭل - ﺭﻭﻜﻴﺘﺱ ، ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎل ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺅﻭﻑ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸـﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ، 1992، ﺹ275 .
- ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﻴﻥ ، ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ،ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ 276.
- ﻫﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺘﻲ ، ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ، ﺭﺴـﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ، 1980،
ﺹ٧.
- ﺠﻴﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺸﺘﻲ ، ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ، ﺝ١ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1972، ﺹ71.
- ﺸﺎﻫﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﻁﻠﻌﺕ، ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ، ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،1980، ﺹ44 -45.
- ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭﻱ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺭﻤﻭﻙ ، ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ، 1986، ﺹ146.
- ﺸﺎﻫﻴﻨﺎﺯ ﻁﻠﻌﺕ ،ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ، ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ45 -46.
- ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﻴﻨﻲ ، ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻴﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ، ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1979، ﺹ17.
- ﻓﻭﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻥ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﻋﻲ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1978، ﺹ48.
- ﺤﺎﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﻲ ، ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﻲ ، ﺝ١ ، ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ، 1973، ﺹ٨٨١.
- ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﻔﺎﺭ ﺭﺸﺎﺩ ، ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ، ﻁ١ ، ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1984، ﺹ205 .
- ﻜﺎﺭل ﻤﻨﻬﺎﻴﻡ ، ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴـﻥ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒـﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺭ ، ﺒـﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، 1992،
ﺹ154.
- ﻜﻠﻭﺱ ﺭﻭﺠﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻀﺭ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺔ
ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ، ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ، 1971 ،ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺴﻜﻭ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، ﺹ78.
- ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻤﺭﺯﻭﻕ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ، ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ، 1988 ، ﺹ150.
- ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻤﺭﺯﻭﻕ ، ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ، ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪِ ، ﺹ١٥١.
- ﺠﻴﻬﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﺸﺘﻲ ، ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1971 ، ﺹ471.
- ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﺩﺭ ، ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺒﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻴﺕ ، 1973، ﺹ54.
- ﺃﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ ، ﺒﻬﻴﻪ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺸﻬﺎﺏ ، ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، 1990، ﺹ108.
- ﺤﻤﻴﺩﺓ ﺴﻤﻴﺴﻡ ، ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻤﺩﺨل ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، 1992، ﺹ٦٦.
- Columbia disk encyclopedia, newyork,1960.
- ﺭﺤﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ، ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘـﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺫﺍﻋﺘﻲ ﺒـﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺭ ، ﻤﺠﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ، ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ (25) ،ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ ، ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، 1989، ﺹ٢٢ .
- ﺭﺍﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻻﻨﺜﺭﺒﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﺯﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﻕ ، ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺭ ،ﺒـﻴﺭﻭﺕ ، 1967،
ﺹ174.
.27- Cherif Khazender Radio et . Culture masse Grandeurs ed Faiblesses de la Radio, parjean Tardien unesco, 1969 , P.19MK
- ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ٧٩١ -٩٩١ ،ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﻪ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ، ﻗﺴـﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ،ﻜﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، 1993، ﺹ .26
- ﻨﻭﺍﻑ ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺩﻭﺓ ﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺩﻴﻭ ﻜﺎﺴﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ(17) ﺤﺯﻴﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ،
، ﺹ٣.
- ﺠﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺯ ، ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ، ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺃﺩﻴﺏ ﺨﻀﻭﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ ، ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ، 1999، ﺹ٢٤.
- ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺎﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻁﺭﻭﺤﻪ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺏ ، ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ
،1996، ﺹ40 .
- Heath, R.B. The Mass Media: Red ioed Television, London , Hamish hamilton,
. P10 1969, ﻨﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺎﺱ ، ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ، ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ، ﺹ41.
- ﺴﻬﻴﺭ ﺠﺎﺩ ، ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ، ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻨﺎﺸﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1975، ﺹ70 .
- ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﻁﺎﻫﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺫﺍﻋﺔ ، ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﺫﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ ﺍﺫﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒـﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ
(16) ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺩﻡ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ، 1975، ﺹ90 .
- Mary 6/0 Ziro Broadcasting, Oxford , University Press , Oxford, 1958, P.212.
- ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺞ ، ﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﻟﻔﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ، 2000، ﺹ25 .
- ﺴﻌﺩ ﻤﻁﺸﺭ ، ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺴـﻭﺭﻱ -
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ - ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﻪ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ - ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ، 2005، ﺹ 118 -123 .
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2022-10-01 (2)
- 2024-12-23 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2007 author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows sharing the work with recognition of authorship and initial publication in ABBA journal.
How to Cite
